Identification

Key question

Can a model learn causes?

Check your understanding

Find an example, an application and a limit. Explain the concept without using its name, then compare your explanation with a primary source.

Follow a learning route

• Can a model learn causes?

  Connect structural causal models, identification, invariant prediction and counterfactual explanations.

Reading connections

• Causality

  Judea Pearl

• Elements of Causal Inference

  Peters, Janzing · Schölkopf

• Causal Inference: What If

  Hernán · Robins

• Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer

  Pearl, Glymour · Jewell