Key question
What makes one thing cause another?
Check your understanding
Find an example, an application and a limit. Explain the concept without using its name, then compare your explanation with a primary source.
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Claims to examine
Observational association alone is insufficient to identify an intervention effect without assumptions.
Follow a learning route
What makes one thing cause another?
Move from Hume’s problem to counterfactuals, interventions and causal models, keeping inference distinct from metaphysics.